The rights of future generations constitute a foundational concept in the realization of intergenerational justice and sustainable development. These rights rest on the principle of the fair and enduring transmission of natural resources from earlier generations to those yet to come. Today, safeguarding these rights has evolved from an ethical concern into a legal and global imperative. The overexploitation of natural resources, environmental pollution, and the degradation of ecosystems threaten not only the well-being of the present generation, but also the fundamental right of future generations to live and flourish. Consequently, both legal and religious frameworks increasingly recognize the necessity of protecting these rights. This study, employing a descriptive–analytical approach, examines the status and foundations of the rights of future generations in the Qur’an and within the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It seeks to determine how these two foundational sources provide theoretical and legislative support for the protection of intergenerational rights. An analysis of Constitutional Principles 45 and 50, as well as relevant statutory provisions, indicates that the Iranian legislature recognizes the right to a healthy environment and the equitable use of natural resources as inherent rights of future generations. Moreover, certain criminal statutes explicitly criminalize and penalize conduct that endangers these rights. Likewise, the Qur’an—through numerous verses characterized by universal address and the structure of real propositions (qaḍāyā ḥaqīqīyah)—presents the earth and divine bounties as belonging to all humans across the entire span of history. From this perspective, human use of God-given resources is framed as a collective trust rather than an exclusive form of ownership; thus, any corruption, wastefulness, or destruction of these resources constitutes an infringement upon the rights of future generations. An examination of the Qur’anic concepts of human vicegerency (khalīfah), divine justice, the prohibition of corruption and waste, and the universality of divine provision reveals that the Qur’an articulated the conceptual foundations of intergenerational justice long before the emergence of modern environmental law theories. These teachings can serve as a basis for deriving jurisprudential maxims and binding legal principles related to intergenerational responsibility, and they provide a substantive foundation for addressing existing shortcomings in current legislation.