Justice and human dignity are foundational principles of human rights both globally and in Islamic teachings. In Islam, humans are endowed with inherent God-given dignity, and their rights are founded upon justice. A person is entitled to a dignified life and the right to determine their social status, with all individual and social rights - including the right to security, education, social equality, the right to determine one’s destiny, and the right to public oversight of political affairs - deriving from justice and human dignity. Among the legal implications of justice and human dignity is the Islamic government’s responsibility to create legal mechanisms to actualize individuals’ inherent (natural) rights. In Afghanistan, despite the establishment of the Islamic Emirate, this issue continues to face challenges. This research focuses on examining these challenges from the perspective of Islamic teachings. Using a documentary method and a descriptive-analytical approach, this study explores the issue. The results reveal that despite the religious foundations underpinning the revival of public rights, Afghanistan faces challenges such as intellectual despotism, lack of the rule of law, the absence of an inclusive government, political monopolization, patriarchy, negative attitudes toward women, tribalism, and superficial interpretations of jurisprudence and religious teachings. Misinterpretations of governance, dominance over the people, and adherence to the “theory of attaining power (Taghallub)” are major factors leading to the violation of these rights, which need to be rectified according to Islamic teachings.